Creons Role in Antigone :: Creon as tragic figure

Creon in the play of Antigone by Sophocles assumes a significant job inside the play. Antigone likewise assumes a significant job, as these two character’s clashing perspectives prompted express debacle, which features Creon as a deplorable figure. Inside the play Creon endeavored to set up choices for the benefit of everyone; in any case, his choices brought about catastrophe. Creon featured as the lamentable figure, at first made choices he thought was for the government assistance and prosperity of Thebes; be that as it may, Antigone, who defied Creon’s choices, caused Creon’s anger to cloud his reasonable perspective. At the point when Creon chose to preclude the entombment of Polynices, as he trusted Polynices was a swindler to Thebes, Antigone was insulted. This choice, saw through the eyes of Creon, was simply and reasonable; then again, Antigone saw his choice as brutal and narrow minded, which came about into a significant clash between these two characters. At the point when Antigone resisted his decree, Creon got maddened towards this insubordinate demonstration. Those little occasions inside the play communicated Creon as a ruler doing what he accepts is right; then again, Antigone’s defiance communicated something else. Antigone was before long appeared to cause a malevolent flash inside Creon. This â€Å"spark† made Creon heighten his disciplines towards Antigone, which thusly caused a chain response of occasions and inevitably prompted his deplorable decay. Being depicted as a threatening scoundrel all through the play, Creon started as a good man; nonetheless, overpowering occasions and encounters made Creon advance in to this huge figure. This play, Antigone, was named after one of the play’s fundamental characters; be that as it may, the title could have been â€Å"Creon†, due to Creon’s impact all through the play. Creon was a significant impact to the play’s plot as it includes Creon inside a dominant part of the scenes, from start to finish. All through the play Creon’s awful commencement is communicated, starting with him as lord of Thebes to the demise of his adored family. Antigone is just depicted as an insubordinate nephew, as she reliably challenges Creon. Antigone is communicated inside the play reliably; in any case, the play depicts choices declared by Creon, which shows Creon’s grievous stream. Being named â€Å"Antigone†, doesn't precisely communicate the play’s content as Creon’s heartbreaking destiny is really being portrayed and spoken to.

Using the example (simplified) bank balance sheet below show and explain why the Leverage And Capital Ratios are changed as a result of a 6m write-down in mortgages Essay Example

Utilizing the model (improved) bank asset report underneath appear and clarify why the Leverage And Capital Ratios are changed because of a 6m compose Utilizing the model (streamlined) bank accounting report underneath appear and clarify why the Leverage And Capital Ratios are changed because of a 6m record in contracts Essay Utilizing the model (rearranged) bank monetary record beneath appear and clarify why the Leverage And Capital Ratios are changed because of a 6m record in contracts Essay The underlying monetary record shows that the complete value is  £16m and the absolute resource is  £305m. After the recorded of  £6m on contracts, the home loans have changed over  £120m into  £114m with the goal that the new all out resources change to  £299m. Furthermore, because of the lessening of all out resources, the complete value likewise transformed into  £10m In request to make the absolute value equivalent to add up to resources. As we probably am aware, the recipe of influence proportion and capital proportion is: Influence ratio= Total Equity/Total Assets *100% Capital ratio= Total Equity/Risk-balanced resources *100% Along these lines, as the changing of all out value and all out resources, the influence proportion likewise change simultaneously. Because of the changing of home loans, the hazard balanced resources of home loans additionally change so the absolute hazard balanced resources transformed into  £191m contrasted and beforehand figure  £194m. In this manner, capital proportion has changed owing to changing of absolute hazard balanced resources. In a word, the influence proportion and capital proportion are changed because of a  £6m record in contracts. Part B: If this record in contract resources was far reaching; clarify what quantifies all banks would need to take so as to reconstruct their capital proportions back to the necessary least of 8%. Answer: 1. The principal technique is by expanding complete value (with no adjustment in hazard balanced resources) 1. As we probably am aware, the capital proportion = complete value/hazard balanced resources *100% From the table, we can see the present capital ratio=5.24%.the target capital proportion =8%.given the hazard balanced resources  £191, we assume to discover what amount of absolute value is have to accomplish capital proportion of 8%? Accept X=total value. 8%=X/ £191m*100% X=â £15.28m. All in all, complete value most increment to  £15.28m to accomplish the capital proportion of 8% with no adjustment in hazard balanced resources. 1. From the table we can see, given the bank hasâ £10 in all out value. From 1 X is given  £15.28m. X- £10m=â £15.28m- £10m=â £5.28m. All in all, bank required extra value  £5.28m from the current value of  £10m to accomplish the all out value of  £15.28m with the goal that the capital proportion of 8% can be accomplished. 1. The subsequent technique is by diminishing danger balanced resources (with no adjustment in value) 1. With no adjustment in value, we compute the all out hazard balanced resources. Utilizing  £10m in value The all out hazard balanced assets=â £10m/8% *100%=â £125m. Taking everything into account, expect absolute value is fixed; the all out hazard balanced resources need to diminish to  £125m so as to accomplish the capital proportion of 8% 1. Structure the table, we can see, current hazard balanced resource =â £191m and the objective hazard balanced resource =â £125m. The difference in chance balanced resource =new chance balanced resources old hazard balanced assets=â £125m- £191m=- £66m. All in all: the complete hazard balanced resources must diminish by  £66m so as to get  £125m with the goal that the capital proportion of 8% can be accomplished. 2. We presently need to change the arrangement of Assets to make chance balanced assets=â £125m Since the hazard weight of advances and advances is 100%. We have to make it littler, old advances and advances=â £125m, new advances and advances=old advances and advances +changes in structure of assets=â £125m+ (-  £66m) =â £59m. All in all, to accomplish the estimation of hazard balanced asset=â £125m, we have to diminish the credits and advances byâ £66m so as to get the new advances and advances =â £59m 1. So as to accomplish liabilities=assets, we additionally need to change the estimation of money in works. New money in works balance= current money in works + change in sythesis of assets=â £5m+â £66m=â £71m. All in all, to accomplish the estimation of hazard balanced asset=â £125m, we not just need to decrease the credits and advances, yet in addition need to build the money in works by  £66m so as to get the new money in works =â £71m. By diminish the credits advances and increment the money, which will decrease the loaning. The liquidity proportion will build lead to the credit emergency. [C]New asset report with the capital proportion of 8% Liabilities  £m Resources  £m Hazard Weighting Hazard Adjusted Assets ( £m) Stores Money Current records 195 Money in Tills 71 (0%) 0 Time stores 94 Cash at call 5 (0%) 0 All out Liabilities 289 Ready to move resources Gove Bonds ; Bills 10 (10%) 1 Different Bonds ; Bills 40 (20%) 8 Value Investor Capital 7 Different resources Held Profits 3 Credits and Advances 59 (100%) 59 Home loans 114 (half) 57 All out Equity 10 All out Liabilities + Equity 299 All out Assets 299 All out Risk- Balanced 125 UK Liquidity Ratio 3.34% Influence Ratio 3.34% Capital Ratio 8% Part C: Clarify how, in modifying capital proportions, total interest will change, thus the economy in general, could slide into downturn. Answer㠯â ¼ The bank begins to modify the capital proportions by lessening the hazard balanced resources. Under the lessening the hazard balanced resources, it will change the arrangement of the benefits by decreasing the advances ; progresses and expanding money in works. It will cause the flood of the liquidity. Bank is abruptly lessening gainfulness. Credits become lesser and lesser to firms, people, etc. The bank would not offer advances to others so as to reconstruct the capital proportion to accomplish a higher figure, which will cause the credit emergency. Expecting the whole bank do that, the total will fall because of the falling of the utilization of locally created products ; administrations and the speculation. These are rely upon credits. For individuals, they need to take advances from banks by purchasing vehicles and house. They likewise need to pay the instructive expenses. For the organizations, they are in a difficult situation they can't back the credits. Now and again, they d on’t have enough cash to purchase the new gear and pay the compensation to their representatives, so they take advances from banks, the issue is they can't take enough credits from banks in order to firms are tending to make less speculation. Because of reconstructing capital proportion, banks don’t need to offer advances to other people, the Cd will tumble down. Accordingly, the monetary will go into the downturn. The monetary will encounter a gigantic fall as far as their total interest. Additionally, the banks begin to reconstruct the capital proportion by expanding the value. Through expanding held benefit, it can defer the installment of profits and increment its advances rates ; bank charges, or by laying off staff and shutting failing to meet expectations branches so it will cause the expanding of the joblessness rate and lessening spending. Everything is tending to fall. Spending lesser and lesser, the total interest will fall. Accordingly, GDP will fall prompting the downturn.

An Overview of Sigmund Freuds Theories

An Overview of Sigmund Freuds Theories   More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Talk Therapy Personality Driving Forces The Psyche Psychosexual Development Dream Analysis Defense Mechanisms Contemporary Views If you are even the most casual student of psychology, then you have probably spent a fair amount of time learning about Sigmund Freuds theories. Even people who are relatively unfamiliar with psychology as a subject have at least some awareness of psychoanalysis, the school of thought created by Sigmund Freud. While you may have some passing knowledge of key concepts in psychoanalysis like the unconscious, fixations, defense mechanisms, and dream symbolism, you might wonder exactly how these ideas fit in together and what influence they really have on contemporary psychologists. In this brief overview of Freudian theory, learn more about some of the major ideas proposed by Sigmund Freud. Talk Therapy One of Freuds greatest contributions to psychology was talk therapy, the notion that simply talking about our problems can help alleviate them. It was through his association with his close friend and colleague Josef Breuer that Freud became aware of a woman known in the case history as Anna O. The young womans real name was Bertha Pappenheim and she became a patient of Breuers after suffering a bout of what was then known as hysteria, the symptoms of which included such things as blurred vision, hallucinations, and partial paralysis. It was during her treatment that Breuer observed that discussing her experiences seemed to provide some degree of relief from her symptoms. It was Pappenheim herself who began referring to the treatment as the talking cure. While Anna O is often described as one of Freuds patients, the two never actually met. Freud often discussed her case with Breuer, however, and the two collaborated on an 1895 book based on her treatment titled Studies in Hysteria. Freud concluded that her hysteria was the result of childhood sexual abuse, a view that ended up leading to a rift in Freud and Breuers professional and personal relationship. Anna O may not have actually been Freuds patient, but her case informed much of Freuds work and later theories on therapy and psychoanalysis. Personality Driving Forces According to Freud psychoanalytic theory, all psychic energy is generated by the libido. Freud suggested that our mental states were influenced by two competing forces: cathexis and anticathexis. Cathexis was described as an investment of mental energy in a person, an idea or an object. If you are hungry, for example, you might create a mental image of a delicious meal that you have been craving. In other cases, the ego might harness some of the ids energy to seek out activities that are related to the activity in order to disperse some of the excess energy from the id. If you cant actually seek out food to appease your hunger, you might instead thumb through a cookbook or browse through your favorite recipe blog. Anticathexis involves the ego blocking the socially unacceptable needs of the id. Repressing urges and desires is one common form of anticathexis, but it involves a significant investment of energy. Remember, according to Freuds theory, there is only so much libidinal energy available. When a lot of this energy is being devoted to suppressing urges via anticathexis, there is less energy available for other processes. Freud also believed that much of human behavior was motivated by two driving instincts: the life instincts and death instincts. The life instincts are those that relate to a basic need for survival, reproduction, and pleasure. They include such things as the need for food, shelter, love, and sex. He also suggested that all humans have an unconscious wish for death, which he referred to as the death instincts. Self-destructive behavior, he believed, was one expression of the death drive. However, he believed that these death instincts were largely tempered by life instincts. The Psyche In Freudian theory, the human mind is structured into two main parts: the conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind includes all the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness. The unconscious mind, on the other hand, includes all of the things outside of our awarenessâ€"all of the wishes, desires, hopes, urges, and memories that lie outside of awareness yet continue to influence behavior. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg that is actually visible above the water represents just a tiny portion of the mind, while the huge expanse of ice hidden underneath the water represents the much larger unconscious. In addition to these two main components of the mind, the Freudian theory also divides human personality up into three major components: the id, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive part of the personality that is the source of all our most basic urges. This part of the personality is entirely unconscious and serves as the source of all libidinal energy. The ego is the component of personality that is charged with dealing with reality and helps ensure that the demands of the id are satisfied in ways that are realistic, safe and socially acceptable. The superego is the part of the personality that holds all of the internalized morals and standards that we acquire from our parents, family, and society at large. Psychosexual Development Freudian theory suggests that as children develop, they progress through a series of psychosexual stages. At each stage, the libidos pleasure-seeking energy is focused on a different part of the body. The five stages of psychosexual development are: The Oral Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the mouth.The Anal Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the anus.The Phallic Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the penis or clitoris.The Latent Stage: A period of calm in which little libidinal interest is present.The Genital Stage: The libidinal energies are focused on the genitals. The successful completion of each stage leads to a healthy personality as an adult. If, however, a conflict remains unresolved at any particular stage, the individual might remain fixated or stuck at that particular point of development. A fixation can involve an over-dependence or obsession with something related to that phase of development. For example, a person with an oral fixation is believed to be stuck at the oral stage of development. Signs of an oral fixation might include excessive reliance on oral behaviors such as smoking, biting fingernails, or eating. Dream Analysis The unconscious mind played a critical role in all of Freuds theories, and he considered dreams to be one of the key ways to take a peek into what lies outside of our conscious awareness. He dubbed dreams the royal road to the unconscious and believed that by examining dreams, he could see not only how the unconscious mind works but what it is trying to hide from conscious awareness. Freud believed the content of dreams could be broken down into two different types. The manifest content of a dream included all of the actual content of the dream - the events, images, and thoughts contained within the dream. The manifest content is essentially what the dreamer remembers upon waking. The latent content, on the other hand, is all the hidden and symbolic meanings within the dream. Freud believed that dreams were essentially a form of wish-fulfillment. By taking unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires and transforming them into less threatening forms, people are able to reduce the egos anxiety. He often utilized the analysis of dreams as a starting point in his free association technique. The analyst would focus on a particular dream symbol and then use free association to see what other thoughts and images immediately came to a clients mind. Defense Mechanisms Even if youve never studied Freuds theories before, you have probably heard the term defense mechanisms bandied about a few times. When someone seems unwilling to face a painful truth, you might accuse them of being in denial. When a person tries to look for a logical explanation for unacceptable behavior, you might suggest that they are rationalizing. These things represent different types of defense mechanisms or tactics that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety. Some of the best-known mechanisms of defense include denial, repression, and regression, but there are many more. Discover more about the types of defenses and how they work to protect the ego in this overview of the defense mechanisms. Contemporary Views While Freuds theories have been widely criticized, it is important to remember that his work made important contributions to psychology. His work sparked a major change in how we view mental illness by suggesting that not all psychological problems have physiological causes. His belief that mental problems could be resolved by actually talking about them helped revolutionize psychotherapy. Since many contemporary psychologists do not give much credence to a lot of Freuds ideas, you might find yourself asking why you should bother learning about Freudian theory at all. First and perhaps most importantly, in order to understand where psychology is at today, it is essential to take a look back at where weve been and how we got here. Freuds work provides an insight into an important movement in psychology that helped transform how we think about mental health and how we approach psychological disorders. By studying these theories and those that came after, you can gain a better understanding of psychologys rich and fascinating history. Many psychoanalytic terms such as defense mechanism, Freudian slip, and anal retentive have become a part of our everyday language. By learning more about his work and theories, you can better understand how these ideas and concepts became woven into the fabric of popular culture.

Globalization And International Trade Theory - 1203 Words

International trade plays a big role in every person’s life. The credit should go to every economist who has contributed to the development of international trade theory. Trade is the consequence of the human â€Å"propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another† (Smith, 1776). Different people have different propensities for trading, so do different economic periods have different economic conditions, which require different international trade theories. This could be the material cause for the development of international trade theory. Mercantilism was the dominant school of thought in Europe from the sixteenth century to the eighteenth century. â€Å"It refers to the central policy prescription that the state should act like a merchant, augmenting the wealth of the nation by maximizing the surplus from trade with other nations† (Sandelin, 2014). It measured a country’s wealth by the amount of rare metals it owns. The country with more precious metals is better off than others. It aimed at making many exports and few imports to get positive trading balance. Mercantilism was dominant in France and England. Governments’ power were growing and they had big demand for lands at that time. This theory could be closely related to the wars during that period. â€Å"At the same time the rise of more powerful European states with burgeoning bureaucracies, frequent dynastic wars that required larger and more expensive armies, and more lavish court expenditures exacerbated thisShow MoreRelatedTheories of Libralism and Realism1055 Words   |  4 PagesLiberal theories of international relations have made a number of contentions on the basis of economic development and its effect on the belligerence between countries. These claims have presented evident when analyzing the post-Cold War era’s increase in the globalization of trade and investment. 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According to Kegley and Blanton (2014), due to globalization, the number of questions about how changes in one country s economics and politics influence trends in the word politics and the global economy (p. 328), has resulted in an area of scholarly study being coined, to wit: internationalRead MoreThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business900 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement in the globalization of business. The multinational corporation The impact of globalization on international business International business refers to a wide range of business activities undertaken across national borders. Along with rapidly increasing globalization, international business has become a popular topic and has drawn the attention of business executives, government officials and academics. International business is differ ent from domestic business. At the international level, the

Walt Disney Leadership Paper - 3548 Words

Introduction Leadership has many meanings, depending who you talk to. This paper will concentrate on leadership as the ability for one to influence others in reaching common goals (Northouse, 2013). The focus of this report is on Walt Disney, a man who demonstrated, both positive and negative leadership throughout his life. The leadership theories which will be focused on for this report include concept of power, trait approach, skills approach, style approach, and transformational leadership will be explored and applied to Disney’s experiences. Biography Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois. At the age of four, his family moved to Missouri, where his love for drawing and arts developed. When he was 18 he†¦show more content†¦Ken Annakin, one of Disney’s animation directors, said, â€Å"The key to Walt’s success was his ability to attract people to his cause, inspire them, and motivate them to work with him on his dreams. He sold people, and they bought in and become loyal followers. There still following him to this day† (Williams, Denney, 20014) Disney also had referent power, as his followers admired him and his visions. Disney’s employees worked very hard for Walt, even when he was difficult and demanding. He made them feel valued and gave them a sense of family. For example, according to Disney’s sound engineer, Gary Carlson, â€Å"Whenever anyone called him â€Å"Mr. Disney,† he got upset. It was always Walt. And he always knew your name. In the early days, we didn’t wear name tags, but Walt still called you by your first name† (Williams, Denney, 2004). When people referred to him as â€Å"Mr. Disney† he would insist they call him â€Å"Uncle Walt†. By knowing his employees by name and encouraging his employees to refer to him by his first name, he created deeper relationships with his followers, which in turn presented him more influential power. 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Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Biofuel refers to any solid, liquid or gas fuel that has been derived from biomass.1 Biofuels are renewable fuels derived from vegetable affair. It can be produced from any C beginning that is easy to stock up, such as workss. We will write a custom essay sample on Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alternative fuel beginnings such as biofuels are attractive because they can be developed and they are more sustainable, cost-effectively and renewable energy. Biofuels will give greater energy efficiency and alterations in life styles. Biofuels have become chief concern issue in Brazil, the US, the European Union every bit good as many other states around the universe, due to concerns of oil dependance and involvement in cut downing CO2 emanations. All these parts have had important subsidies or authorizations for renewable energy production from agricultural beginnings. The most common schemes used to bring forth biofuel used for transit are: Grow workss – Plants that of course produce oils include oil thenar, Jatropha, soya bean and algae. When heated opposition ( viscousness ) is reduced they can be burned within a diesel engine or they can be processed to organize biodiesel1. Grow sugar harvests or starch – These include sugar cane, sugar Beta vulgaris, maize and corn which are so turned into ethyl alcohol through the procedure of barm agitation 1. Forests – By-products from forests can be converted into biofuels including methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and woodgas1. In Brazil, ethyl alcohol is produced chiefly from sugar cane get downing during the 1970s in order to cut down dependance on foreign oil2. However, the ethyl alcohol industry had a reverse in the 1990s due to inexpensive petroleum oil. When oil monetary values began to surge once more in the recent old ages, ethyl alcohol became a more attractive option to gasoline, aided by the launch of flex-fuel vehicles ( FFVs ) in 2003 3. Brazil has a comparative advantage in bring forthing ethyl alcohol, chiefly due to its handiness of land and its favorable clime for sugarcane cultivation. There are many different biofuels available in the UK. One of the most common worldwide is E10 fuel, which is really a mixture of 10 % ethyl alcohol and 90 % petroleum1. Advantages Biofuels cut down nursery gas emanations when compared to conventional conveyance fuels. Harmonizing to a technique called Life Cycle Analysis first coevals biofuels can salvage up to 60 % of C emanations compared to fossil fuels1. This was backed by a recent UK Government publication which stated biofuels can cut down emanations by 50-60 % . This is because the C dioxide they release when burnt is equal to the sum that the workss absorbed out of the ambiance. Therefore, they do n’t lend to planetary heating and besides emit less particulate pollution than other fuels, particularly Diesel. However, it does necessitate some fuel to power the machinery on the farms where biofuels are produced. With gasoline monetary values on the rise, replacing crude oil with a renewable energy beginning should besides offer important nest eggs at the pump in the long term ; peculiarly when biofuels are more readily available and Biofuels are besides cheaper than fossil fuels. Many authoritiess are now offering revenue enhancement inducements to purchase greener autos that run on biofuels. This one of the brinies grounds production of biofuels is increasing. Another advantage is that biofuels are assisting to undertake poorness around the universe. For illustration Brazil invested to a great extent in ethanol production during the energy crisis of 1970s and now has one of the universe ‘s most advanced production and distribution systems3. This has increased economic growing, increased employment chances and besides positive consequence on energy monetary values, as grounds to endorse biofuel production. This is nevertheless debated due to the force per unit areas it places on agricultural resources but biodiesel could be a long term solution as it uses simpler engineering and lower transit costs aboard increased labor. Other advantages are: Does n’t necessitate any extremist alterations to exchange to the usage of biofuels- unlike the troubles in exchanging to other renewable energy beginnings such as solar and wind power. Reduce dependance on foreign oils. Oil fluctuates in monetary value quickly, so altering to biofuels will assist buffer against the alteration. Ethanol is really cheap to bring forth. Can assist forestall engine knocking. The nascent U.S. biofuel industry has late begun a period of rapid growing. Over the past decennary biofuel production has been turning both in absolute footings and as a per centum of the gasolene and Diesel fuel pools. High universe oil monetary values, steadfast authorities support, turning environmental and energy security concerns, and the handiness of low-priced maize and soya bean feedstocks provide favorable market conditions for biofuels. Ethanol, in peculiar, has been buoyed by the demand to replace the octane and clean-burning belongingss of MTBE, which has been removed from gasolene because of concerns about groundwater taint. Disadvantages Biodiversity – A fright among conservationists is that by accommodating more land to bring forth harvests for biofuels, more home grounds will be lost for animate beings and wild workss. It is feared for illustration, that some Asiatic states will give their rain forests to construct more oil plantations4. Many first coevals biofuels are non sustainable. It is necessary to make sustainable biofuel production that does non impact nutrient production, and that does n’t do environmental jobs. Another concern is that if biofuels become moneymaking for husbandmans, they may turn harvests for biofuel production alternatively of nutrient production. Less nutrient production will increase monetary values and do a rise in rising prices. The impact is peculiarly high in developing states and it is estimated that around 100million people are at hazard due to the nutrient monetary value additions. By and large Life Cycle Analysis probes showed that the combustion of biofuels well reduces nursery gas emanations when compared to petroleum and diesel. However, in 2007 a survey was published by scientists from Britain, the USA, Germany and Austria which reported the combustion of rapeseed or maize can lend every bit much to azotic oxide emanations than chilling through fossil fuel savings1. In dumbly populated states such as the Netherlands, there is non adequate infinite to turn biofuels for the whole economic system, even if the full land surface would be used. This besides means that biofuels have to vie with alternate land utilizations such as nutrient production. The overall cost of doing biofuels is in fact a batch more so it would be to utilize natural beginnings such as air current turbines or things of that nature as a signifier of renewable energy. William claude dukenfields have to be tilled, and harvests have to be grown harvested and so fire in order to give off the needed energy. The production of non-sustainable biofuels has been criticised in studies by the UN, the IPCC and many other environmental and societal groups. As a consequence many authoritiess have switched their support towards sustainable biofuels, and options such as H and compressed air1. Other disadvantages Our technological procedures to bring forth biofuels are manner excessively dearly-won for us to be able to afford on a monolithic graduated table. We still need one million millions of dollars of research money into holding a fabrication procedure that will bring forth them at a cheaper rate. We still do n’t hold anyplace near the sum of biofuel converted autos to be able to take advantage of this fuel beginning. We will necessitate to put millions of dollars to alter the car substructure to let us to take advantage of this amazing natural fuel. Once we are able to construct big fabrication workss we will necessitate to happen a manner to cover with the really bad odor that is the result of the biofuel production rhythm and big towns will non desire to set up with this bad olfactory property produced. On one manus they massively cut down C emanations and can assist you salvage hard currency excessively ; but on the other manus they could negatively impact the home ground of many species and are n’t needfully energy efficient at the production phase. Political and environmental factors Initially authoritiess in North America have supported the development and commercialization of engineering to bring forth ethyl alcohol from grains, particularly maize, over several old ages. A advisers ‘ study to the Ontario ministry of energy found that, while the usage of ethyl alcohol from corn as a conveyance fuel could cut down C02 emanations and support husbandmans, authorities ‘s subsidies and regulative support would be needed in the initial phases of programme. Harmonizing to this survey ethyl alcohol installations combined with cowss feedlots could accomplish fiscal break-even if big graduated table workss are successfully developed. Biofuels were found to hold an of import part to do in the context of the European Union ‘s agricultural policy and trade dialogues. The production and usage of woody biomass is found to offer the greatest benefits, production of liquid fuels from cultivable harvests is besides treated favorably. Government are now stating experiences in the U.S. and Brazil now suggest that bing biofuels production installations are responsible for the coevals of a scope of new air and water-related jobs every bit good as recent concerns over human wellness. Biodiesel advantages Biodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oils or animate being fats that can be used either as a replacing for crude oil Diesel or blended with crude oil Diesel for usage in a standard Diesel engine. About 100,000 metric tons of used cookery oil and 230,000 metric tons of tallow are collected in the UK each twelvemonth and would otherwise be incinerated, put in landfill or exported. The usage of biodiesel can widen the life of Diesel engines because it is more lubricating than crude oil Diesel, while fuel ingestion, car ignition, power end product, and engine torsion are comparatively unaffected by biodiesel. Biodiesel is safe to manage and transport because it is every bit biodegradable as sugar, 10 times less toxic than table salt, and has a high flash point compared to petroleum Diesel With a much higher flash point than it is for petro-diesel, biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This belongings makes a vehicle fuelled by pure biodiesel far safer in an accident than one powered by crude oil Diesel. Biodiesel are biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable. The usage of biodiesel will besides cut down the undermentioned emanations: Carbon monoxide, ozone forming hydrocarbons, harzardous Diesel particulates of solid burning merchandises, acerb rain- causation sulfur dioxide, and lifecycle C dioxide Biodiesel has about the same MPG ( mile per gallon ) evaluation as petrodiesel Biodiesel readily blends and corsets blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel disadvantages Transportation A ; storage of biodiesel require particular direction. Some belongingss of biodiesel make it unwanted for usage at high concentrations. For illustration, pure biodiesel does n’t flux good at low temperatures, which can do jobs for clients with out-of-door storage armored combat vehicles in colder climes. A related disadvantage is that biodiesel, because of its nature, ca n’t be transported in grapevines. It has to be transported by truck or rail, which increases the cost. Biodiesel is less suited for usage in low temperatures, than petrodiesel. At lower temperatures, the fuel becomes a gel that can non be pumped. The â€Å" pour point † is the temperature below which the fuel will non flux. As the cloud and pour points for biodiesel are higher than those for crude oil Diesel, the public presentation of biodiesel in cold conditions is markedly worse than that of crude oil Diesel. Another disadvantage of biodiesel is that it tends to cut down fuel economic system. How to cite Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Biofuel refers to any solid, liquid or gas fuel that has been derived from biomass.1 Biofuels are renewable fuels derived from vegetable affair. It can be produced from any C beginning that is easy to stock up, such as workss. We will write a custom essay sample on Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alternative fuel beginnings such as biofuels are attractive because they can be developed and they are more sustainable, cost-effectively and renewable energy. Biofuels will give greater energy efficiency and alterations in life styles. Biofuels have become chief concern issue in Brazil, the US, the European Union every bit good as many other states around the universe, due to concerns of oil dependance and involvement in cut downing CO2 emanations. All these parts have had important subsidies or authorizations for renewable energy production from agricultural beginnings. The most common schemes used to bring forth biofuel used for transit are: Grow workss – Plants that of course produce oils include oil thenar, Jatropha, soya bean and algae. When heated opposition ( viscousness ) is reduced they can be burned within a diesel engine or they can be processed to organize biodiesel1. Grow sugar harvests or starch – These include sugar cane, sugar Beta vulgaris, maize and corn which are so turned into ethyl alcohol through the procedure of barm agitation 1. Forests – By-products from forests can be converted into biofuels including methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and woodgas1. In Brazil, ethyl alcohol is produced chiefly from sugar cane get downing during the 1970s in order to cut down dependance on foreign oil2. However, the ethyl alcohol industry had a reverse in the 1990s due to inexpensive petroleum oil. When oil monetary values began to surge once more in the recent old ages, ethyl alcohol became a more attractive option to gasoline, aided by the launch of flex-fuel vehicles ( FFVs ) in 2003 3. Brazil has a comparative advantage in bring forthing ethyl alcohol, chiefly due to its handiness of land and its favorable clime for sugarcane cultivation. There are many different biofuels available in the UK. One of the most common worldwide is E10 fuel, which is really a mixture of 10 % ethyl alcohol and 90 % petroleum1. Advantages Biofuels cut down nursery gas emanations when compared to conventional conveyance fuels. Harmonizing to a technique called Life Cycle Analysis first coevals biofuels can salvage up to 60 % of C emanations compared to fossil fuels1. This was backed by a recent UK Government publication which stated biofuels can cut down emanations by 50-60 % . This is because the C dioxide they release when burnt is equal to the sum that the workss absorbed out of the ambiance. Therefore, they do n’t lend to planetary heating and besides emit less particulate pollution than other fuels, particularly Diesel. However, it does necessitate some fuel to power the machinery on the farms where biofuels are produced. With gasoline monetary values on the rise, replacing crude oil with a renewable energy beginning should besides offer important nest eggs at the pump in the long term ; peculiarly when biofuels are more readily available and Biofuels are besides cheaper than fossil fuels. Many authoritiess are now offering revenue enhancement inducements to purchase greener autos that run on biofuels. This one of the brinies grounds production of biofuels is increasing. Another advantage is that biofuels are assisting to undertake poorness around the universe. For illustration Brazil invested to a great extent in ethanol production during the energy crisis of 1970s and now has one of the universe ‘s most advanced production and distribution systems3. This has increased economic growing, increased employment chances and besides positive consequence on energy monetary values, as grounds to endorse biofuel production. This is nevertheless debated due to the force per unit areas it places on agricultural resources but biodiesel could be a long term solution as it uses simpler engineering and lower transit costs aboard increased labor. Other advantages are: Does n’t necessitate any extremist alterations to exchange to the usage of biofuels- unlike the troubles in exchanging to other renewable energy beginnings such as solar and wind power. Reduce dependance on foreign oils. Oil fluctuates in monetary value quickly, so altering to biofuels will assist buffer against the alteration. Ethanol is really cheap to bring forth. Can assist forestall engine knocking. The nascent U.S. biofuel industry has late begun a period of rapid growing. Over the past decennary biofuel production has been turning both in absolute footings and as a per centum of the gasolene and Diesel fuel pools. High universe oil monetary values, steadfast authorities support, turning environmental and energy security concerns, and the handiness of low-priced maize and soya bean feedstocks provide favorable market conditions for biofuels. Ethanol, in peculiar, has been buoyed by the demand to replace the octane and clean-burning belongingss of MTBE, which has been removed from gasolene because of concerns about groundwater taint. Disadvantages Biodiversity – A fright among conservationists is that by accommodating more land to bring forth harvests for biofuels, more home grounds will be lost for animate beings and wild workss. It is feared for illustration, that some Asiatic states will give their rain forests to construct more oil plantations4. Many first coevals biofuels are non sustainable. It is necessary to make sustainable biofuel production that does non impact nutrient production, and that does n’t do environmental jobs. Another concern is that if biofuels become moneymaking for husbandmans, they may turn harvests for biofuel production alternatively of nutrient production. Less nutrient production will increase monetary values and do a rise in rising prices. The impact is peculiarly high in developing states and it is estimated that around 100million people are at hazard due to the nutrient monetary value additions. By and large Life Cycle Analysis probes showed that the combustion of biofuels well reduces nursery gas emanations when compared to petroleum and diesel. However, in 2007 a survey was published by scientists from Britain, the USA, Germany and Austria which reported the combustion of rapeseed or maize can lend every bit much to azotic oxide emanations than chilling through fossil fuel savings1. In dumbly populated states such as the Netherlands, there is non adequate infinite to turn biofuels for the whole economic system, even if the full land surface would be used. This besides means that biofuels have to vie with alternate land utilizations such as nutrient production. The overall cost of doing biofuels is in fact a batch more so it would be to utilize natural beginnings such as air current turbines or things of that nature as a signifier of renewable energy. William claude dukenfields have to be tilled, and harvests have to be grown harvested and so fire in order to give off the needed energy. The production of non-sustainable biofuels has been criticised in studies by the UN, the IPCC and many other environmental and societal groups. As a consequence many authoritiess have switched their support towards sustainable biofuels, and options such as H and compressed air1. Other disadvantages Our technological procedures to bring forth biofuels are manner excessively dearly-won for us to be able to afford on a monolithic graduated table. We still need one million millions of dollars of research money into holding a fabrication procedure that will bring forth them at a cheaper rate. We still do n’t hold anyplace near the sum of biofuel converted autos to be able to take advantage of this fuel beginning. We will necessitate to put millions of dollars to alter the car substructure to let us to take advantage of this amazing natural fuel. Once we are able to construct big fabrication workss we will necessitate to happen a manner to cover with the really bad odor that is the result of the biofuel production rhythm and big towns will non desire to set up with this bad olfactory property produced. On one manus they massively cut down C emanations and can assist you salvage hard currency excessively ; but on the other manus they could negatively impact the home ground of many species and are n’t needfully energy efficient at the production phase. Political and environmental factors Initially authoritiess in North America have supported the development and commercialization of engineering to bring forth ethyl alcohol from grains, particularly maize, over several old ages. A advisers ‘ study to the Ontario ministry of energy found that, while the usage of ethyl alcohol from corn as a conveyance fuel could cut down C02 emanations and support husbandmans, authorities ‘s subsidies and regulative support would be needed in the initial phases of programme. Harmonizing to this survey ethyl alcohol installations combined with cowss feedlots could accomplish fiscal break-even if big graduated table workss are successfully developed. Biofuels were found to hold an of import part to do in the context of the European Union ‘s agricultural policy and trade dialogues. The production and usage of woody biomass is found to offer the greatest benefits, production of liquid fuels from cultivable harvests is besides treated favorably. Government are now stating experiences in the U.S. and Brazil now suggest that bing biofuels production installations are responsible for the coevals of a scope of new air and water-related jobs every bit good as recent concerns over human wellness. Biodiesel advantages Biodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oils or animate being fats that can be used either as a replacing for crude oil Diesel or blended with crude oil Diesel for usage in a standard Diesel engine. About 100,000 metric tons of used cookery oil and 230,000 metric tons of tallow are collected in the UK each twelvemonth and would otherwise be incinerated, put in landfill or exported. The usage of biodiesel can widen the life of Diesel engines because it is more lubricating than crude oil Diesel, while fuel ingestion, car ignition, power end product, and engine torsion are comparatively unaffected by biodiesel. Biodiesel is safe to manage and transport because it is every bit biodegradable as sugar, 10 times less toxic than table salt, and has a high flash point compared to petroleum Diesel With a much higher flash point than it is for petro-diesel, biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This belongings makes a vehicle fuelled by pure biodiesel far safer in an accident than one powered by crude oil Diesel. Biodiesel are biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable. The usage of biodiesel will besides cut down the undermentioned emanations: Carbon monoxide, ozone forming hydrocarbons, harzardous Diesel particulates of solid burning merchandises, acerb rain- causation sulfur dioxide, and lifecycle C dioxide Biodiesel has about the same MPG ( mile per gallon ) evaluation as petrodiesel Biodiesel readily blends and corsets blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel disadvantages Transportation A ; storage of biodiesel require particular direction. Some belongingss of biodiesel make it unwanted for usage at high concentrations. For illustration, pure biodiesel does n’t flux good at low temperatures, which can do jobs for clients with out-of-door storage armored combat vehicles in colder climes. A related disadvantage is that biodiesel, because of its nature, ca n’t be transported in grapevines. It has to be transported by truck or rail, which increases the cost. Biodiesel is less suited for usage in low temperatures, than petrodiesel. At lower temperatures, the fuel becomes a gel that can non be pumped. The â€Å" pour point † is the temperature below which the fuel will non flux. As the cloud and pour points for biodiesel are higher than those for crude oil Diesel, the public presentation of biodiesel in cold conditions is markedly worse than that of crude oil Diesel. Another disadvantage of biodiesel is that it tends to cut down fuel economic system. How to cite Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Costing Methods Paper free essay sample

Costing Methods Paper Former Steelers’ running back Franco Harris created Super Bakery Inc. , in 1990. â€Å"Super Bakery is a virtual corporation, in which only the core, strategic functions of the business are performed inside the company. The remaining activities—selling, manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping—are outsourced to a network of external companies†. When management suspected that the established cost method was making a sizeable difference in its real cost structure, it wanted a new way of assigning their costs. Management also supposed an extensive difference in the cost of serving their customers in other parts of the country. However, its established methods were distributing costs over the entire customer foundation. Management reviewed and eventually altered their system to recognize the costs associated with the task performed in the company. Super Bakery’s management thought it was necessary to install an ABC system because all of their customer orders appeared to be equal in price to complete. We will write a custom essay sample on Costing Methods Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In actuality, high profit margin orders were financially supporting low profit margin orders. The company needed a system that would accurately assign the costs of each order. Installing the activity based system illustrated the cost and profit margins on each sale showed a discrepancy. â€Å"Super Bakery is now able to track the profitability of each customer’s account and the performance of outsourced activities. This doughnut maker, as a result, even knows the cost of the doughnut holes†! This decision was smart and could have been costly if the company did not recognize the need to change systems. Process order cost system would work for Super Bakery because process costing will put in the cost based on the average number of doughnuts and other baked goods produced per day. Processing cost allows the managers to get detailed information on the baked goods production statistics. Process costing also allows management the advantage of ascertaining the same qualities in all of their products, and compares their productivity over time. References Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , Kieso, D. E. (2009). Accounting: Tools for business decision making  (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons

Staying Put free essay sample

This paper that analyzes a book Scott Russell Sanderss book Making a Home in a Restless World which explains the concept of home. The following paper examines how todays societies and cultures encourage us to move rather than to stay put, according to Sanders. The author discusses how in the introduction to this collection of brilliantly written essays, Sanders desires and locates his interest in fashioning a life that is firmly grounded in household and community, in awareness of nature, and in contact with that source from which all things arise. Every place needs both people who are committed to it as their home and people who move in and out. Scott Russell Sanders, author of Staying Put: Making a Home in a Restless World said in an interview that it is essential that there be many people who are deeply committed to their places. Sanders says that if every community, every region and every land had people who were committed to their land, then other people could move around. We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Put or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sanders main thesis in the book is that home is not the place where you have to go but where you WANT to go. It is not a place where you are admitted but a place which is yours, where you are warmly welcomed, by the people, the flowers, the walls, the soil and the very grass.

Free Essays on Hackers, Good And Evil

â€Å"Governments form the industrial world; I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome here. You have no sovereignty where we gather. You do not know us, nor do you know our world. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders, your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement and context do not obey to us. They are all base on matter and there is no matter here.† John Perry Barlow - Electronic Frontier Foundation Cyberspace Declaration of Independence Hackers, Good and Evil A war is being fought in the Internet twenty-four hours a day. A team of defenders spread throughout the world, are ready to stop and neutralize every attack. It is the Global Thread Operation Center where all attacks are being monitored; any of which could be the signal for a stronger hit that could generate absolute chaos. The room looks like a set from a futuristic movie. Four huge screens in the front of the room display the process data that is taking place. Several rows of desks and panels fill the room. More than twenty people are moving around, answering and making phone calls, talking to each other, and examining computer screens. They are ready, and waiting. Suddenly, everyone’s attention is focused on a specific screen, where a problem has been detected. One of the major highways of Internet traffic has slowed down considerably due to an assumed hacker assault. What is scary about this attack is that it seems to be moving through the time zones towards the Americas, most likely the United States. So far, it has in some way affected every major network attached to one of the pipelines. If the attack effectively reaches the U.S., it could negatively affect hundreds of companies, businesses, the stock market and millions of people; this would cause a devastating strike on the infrastructure of the Internet itself. The head leader of the team makes... Free Essays on Hackers, Good And Evil Free Essays on Hackers, Good And Evil â€Å"Governments form the industrial world; I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome here. You have no sovereignty where we gather. You do not know us, nor do you know our world. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders, your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement and context do not obey to us. They are all base on matter and there is no matter here.† John Perry Barlow - Electronic Frontier Foundation Cyberspace Declaration of Independence Hackers, Good and Evil A war is being fought in the Internet twenty-four hours a day. A team of defenders spread throughout the world, are ready to stop and neutralize every attack. It is the Global Thread Operation Center where all attacks are being monitored; any of which could be the signal for a stronger hit that could generate absolute chaos. The room looks like a set from a futuristic movie. Four huge screens in the front of the room display the process data that is taking place. Several rows of desks and panels fill the room. More than twenty people are moving around, answering and making phone calls, talking to each other, and examining computer screens. They are ready, and waiting. Suddenly, everyone’s attention is focused on a specific screen, where a problem has been detected. One of the major highways of Internet traffic has slowed down considerably due to an assumed hacker assault. What is scary about this attack is that it seems to be moving through the time zones towards the Americas, most likely the United States. So far, it has in some way affected every major network attached to one of the pipelines. If the attack effectively reaches the U.S., it could negatively affect hundreds of companies, businesses, the stock market and millions of people; this would cause a devastating strike on the infrastructure of the Internet itself. The head leader of the team makes...

Self reflection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self reflection - Term Paper Example In the course of the work of the group, there are things that went well and served as our strengths. There are also things that did not go so well and affected our decision-making pitfalls. The interactions with group members also brought about a lot of lessons that have been learned and skills that have been acquired. The reflection makes all these strengths, weaknesses, skills gained, and the approach for future practice known. A major strength of the group work was our approach to work. This is because as group we believed in the power of team spirit and so did everything in a consultative manner. As part of the consultative approach, everyone contributed with their ideas and these ideas were always brainstormed among the larger group to identify the most applicable and feasible ones for implementation. In effect, everything that came out as the final product was a representation of the group’s collective idea rather than the imposition of the views of a few people. This approach ensured that things went well and that things were very smooth and easy for us. Another thing was that there was equal division of the group’s work so that each person would become an active member of the group since passiveness limits the growth of teamwork (Freire 32). Even more, there was high level of efficiency as group members ensured that we avoided long meetings but rather use the little times we had product ively. As much as there were strengths, there were some weaknesses that the group faced. As indicated earlier, decision making was done at the group level through brainstorming activities, where everyone’s contributed counted. There were however some decision-making pitfalls and traps that we faced. For example the boldness to implement group decisions was always a challenge. As a result of this, it was common that we would out away our decision making to later dates in

Surface analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Surface analysis - Assignment Example These ions on collision dislodge atoms from the surface creating secondary ions. Using a combination of electrostatic and magnetic fields which distinguishes the ions on the mass to charge ratio, these secondary ions are drawn into a mass spectrometer. By varying the strength of the magnetic field one can assess ions of different mass to charge ratios. (Surface Analysis, 2000) Some of the applications of SIMS include (i) Identifying the isotopes in a material that might have same atomic masses as it is capable of producing mass resolutions to tune of 7000. (ii) It is capable of finding out the extent of impurity concentration present in a specimen and represents the same as a function of depth. The sensitivity of this instrument is in the range of 1 ppb (-10^13 at/cm^3) (iii) It can accurately map the interface layers and the impurities that may be located at these grain boundaries. (iv) It uses the raster scanning technique to produce three dimensional images of the grain distributi on. (v) Using the secondary ions it can directly produce an image showing the arrangement of trace elements. Source: Surface Analysis, 2000 2. ... Some of the applications of AES include (i) This is used to identify compositions of elements in solid materials with high output sensitivities in the range of 0.5 atomic percent for lithium to uranium. (ii) This is useful in carrying out the volumetric analysis of a specimen. (iii) This is capable of producing magnified images to the tune of 20000x and is used extensively in microelectronics. 3. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) (Surface Analysis, 2000) This advanced technique uses x rays in dislodging electrons from specimens and these have distinct kinetic energies depending on the nature of emitted electrons. It is particularly useful in providing information regarding the type of bonds that exist between electrons. This is because any change in binding energy is reflected in the XPS spectrum chart which shows crests and troughs. The crests obviously reflect the high chemical boding energy that existed and the troughs vice versa. Its applications include (i) Determining mole cular composition of surfaces along with information regarding the atomic bonding. (ii) It can identify very accurately to the tune of 0.5 atomic % the presence of lithium and uranium. (iii) This can create depth profiles for materials in the range of 1Â µm thickness. (iv) This method of analysis is particularly useful to study functional groups in polymers. 4. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) This is also referred to as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This is capable of generating a profile that shows the topographical nature of the specimen surface. Schematic of atomic force microscope operation Source: Surface Analysis, 2000 This essentially consists of a tip mounted on a cantilever. The specimen is placed below this cantilever and

MRI as a Breast Cancer Screening Tool

MRI as a Breast Cancer Screening Tool Chapter 1 Introduction In the United States, one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer, accounting for 26% of all cancer cases in women (Jiao, 2014). The standard of care for women over the age of 40 is mammography. It has been shown to increase life expectancy by detecting breast cancer through a quick and easy x-ray. Magnetic resonance imaging, which is more sensitive to breast cancer is costlier and produces more false-positive results, therefore it is not used as often. When mammography is the only test being done, breast cancer is more likely to go undetected in patients with dense breasts and those with small lesions. In high-risk women, MRI has been shown to detect breast cancer in earlier stages than mammography. MRI screening is successfully reported between 77% and 91% (Jiao, 2014). Most detections from MRI are located within axillary lymph nodes during stage 1 breast cancer. A patient may simply refuse yearly mammograms, when she goes five years later breast cancer may be in the fi nal stage whereas MRI could’ve detected it years earlier. Women are recalled more often for additional diagnostic testing when screened less frequently and recalled less often when screened more frequently (Orel, 2005). The American Cancer Society recommends MRI testing for women with the BCRA1 & BCRA 2 genes or a lifetime risk of 20% or greater for breast cancer (Saslow, 2007). Women who inherit the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have a 45% to 65% chance of developing breast cancer (Plevritis, 2006). BRCA 1 gene carriers are at a greater risk for developing breast cancer at an aggressive pace. Tumors in women screened with mammography alone are larger and more likely to have metastasized to axillary nodes (Taneja, 2009). MRI is approximately ten times more expensive than mammography making its cost effectiveness a critical consideration (Jiao, 2014). Due to its lower specificity than mammography increased costs are related to biopsies and additional exams. Estimated lifetime costs for 10,000 women would be higher by $10.6 million with MRI in combination with mammography than with mammography alone. In 2009, the costs billed to Medicare for a bilateral mammography was $49.76 while a bilateral MRI was $965.57 (Jiao, 2014). The price per quality adjusted life year would be $310,616 when MRI was performed with mammography (Fieg, 2009). MRI screening is most cost effective if the cost of MRI decreased or the cost of mammography decreased, when the risk of breast cancer increases, when mammography performance worsens, and if greater quality of life is accomplished (Orel, 2005). MRI becomes cost effective when patients with high-risk profiles are treated. If cancer was detected early enough, chemotherapy can be reduced. MRI is also needed for surveillance when breast conserving therapy results in recurrences. MRI would yield an additional 106 years of life per 10,000 women (Fieg, 2009). Women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 start mammograms at the age of 25 which makes MRI more cost effective and would decrease their radiation dose. Given the aggressive nature of breast cancer, screening with MRI whether alone or with mammography is cost effective and will prolong life expectancy (Berg, 2012). Contrast enhanced MRI is proven to detect breast cancer in the earliest stages compared to ultrasound and mammography. Statement of the Problem and Professional Significance Is MRI effective as screening tool for breast cancer? Which modality is the most effective study for diagnosing breast cancer? Are imaging modalities other than MRI a waste of time and money for patients? Mammography is seen as the first step in preventing breast cancer when a patient turns 40. For some patients, it might already be too late. Mammography is quick and low cost but does not detect breast cancer in patients with dense breasts or small lesions. MRI is considered the gold standard in imaging but is used with fewer women. As the population grows and rates of cancer increase, patients are demanding precise diagnosis and early detection for cancer. What factors should stand out to differentiate who receives MRI vs. mammography? By gathering medical history and diagnosis from several women receiving breast MRI’s, data will be examined to determine whether or not breast MRI’s were needed for proper diagnosis and if testing detected further malignancies. Research Hypothesis 1. It is hypothesized that MRI will be more effective in detecting breast abnormalities than Ultrasound or Mammography. This can be tested by comparing the results of their MRI with results of previous tests.    2. It is hypothesized that at least 50% of patients will feel more confident regarding their diagnosis following a MRI scan. This can be tested by having patients rank how they felt before and after having the test and talking with a radiologist on staff (using a scale of 1-10). 3. It is hypothesized that patients will not have had a mastectomy or received radiation until an MRI is performed. By surveying patients to determine who was and wasn’t diagnosed prior to MRI and what measures they took to prevent the malignancy from spreading I can determine these results.    4. It is hypothesized that patients positive for breast cancer will have at least one lesion undetected on mammography or ultrasound because of its small size or position in the axillary region.   This can be tested by comparing MRI test results with other imaging modalities. 5. It is hypothesized that 10% of participants will have had inconclusive results. This can be determined by whether the radiologist recommends a breast biopsy. MRI can produce false-positives, which cause the radiologist to compare results with past imaging. 6. It is hypothesized that at least 50% of the participants were recommended to have an MRI after inconclusive testing in other modalities. This information will be obtained through obtaining previous medical history in the survey. Definitions Breast cancer Uncontrolled growth of breast cells resulting in a malignant tumor (Medical Dictionary Online, 2018). Malignant Cancerous tumor that can spread to other parts of the body. Benign Tumor that is not dangerous to health. Quality adjusted life year Used to assess the value for money of medical intervention. One QALY = one year of perfect health (Science Direct Online, 2018). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis Technique used in economic modeling that allows the modellar to quantify the level of confidence in the output of the analysis (Science Direct Online, 2018). National comprehensive cancer network Not-for-profit alliance of leading cancer centers devoted to patient care, research, and education. BRCA 1 breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein- Identified in 1990 and is on chromosome 17, increases likelihood of cervical, uterine, and colon cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2018). BRCA 2 breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein- Identified in 1994 and is on chromosome 13-, increases likelihood of stomach cancer, gallbladder cancer, and melanoma (National Cancer Institute, 2018). Ultrasound Imaging test using high frequency sound waves. MRI Imaging test that used magnets to generate a detailed picture. Mammography Images produced from low dose radiation. Gadolinium Chemical element of atomic number 64, injected into patients as contrast during MRI. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast (Medical Dictionary Online, 2018). Mastectomy Surgical operation to remove a breast. Stereotactic biopsy Procedure that uses mammography to precisely identify and sample an abnormality within the breast. Limitations and Delimitations This study will survey twenty women (all ages) who are scheduled for breast MRI’s at Geisinger Community Medical Center during September-November 2018. I will conduct surveys with the patient prior to their MRI. Breast MRI’s will be conducted on a 1.5T, Siemens machine. All patients will be scanned using the same protocol for imaging regardless of medical history. External limitations are obtaining a medical history, incompletion of the patient’s MRI, lack of intravenous access for contrast, claustrophobia, and no show appointments. I will rely on patients to give me a detailed, accurate medical history. Assumptions During a typical work day in MRI at Geisinger Hospital a breast MRI is completed once. Within a typical month at least 20 scans are completed. This should allow me to survey enough patients over a six-week period. Permission for this study will come from patients who allow me to ask questions regarding their medical history and diagnosis. In accordance with HIPAA, I will keep all patient names and identifying information anonymous. Chapter 2 Introduction The purpose of this research project is to determine if MRI is effective as an imaging tool for diagnosing breast cancer. By surveying women, who have been diagnosed or are currently being diagnosed, collecting medical history, and analyzing data, imaging modalities will be examined to determine the most reliable, accurate, and timely way to diagnose breast cancer. If MRI is more efficient than mammography and ultrasound, time and money spent on those modalities could be eliminated. Women can be treated faster, and cancer could be diagnosed earlier when proper testing is ordered. Breast cancer during stage one is treatable, thousands of lives could be changed when it is diagnosed in a timely manner. Cancer is the overall most common cause of death in America with breast cancer being the most common type (Jiao, 2014). One in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime making it a very costly disease. Standard protocols for screening are determined by the American Cancer Society. Screening mammography is recommended for women with a 25-30% lifetime risk of breast cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2018). This includes women treated for Hodgkin disease and those with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Screening mammography typically starts at age 40 unless preexisting conditions are present, screening begins at age 25. The Gail, Claus, and Tyrer-Cusick models are used to estimate breast cancer based on family history. Breast cancer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA) are found in 1/500-1/1,000 women. Women of Jewish ethnicity have a 1/50 risk (National Cancer Institute, 2018). Those who test positive have a 65% chance of breast cancer by 70 years old (Saslow, 2007). What are American Cancer Society Guidelines? Recommendations for women at average risk of breast cancer are women between 40 and 44  have the option to start screening with a mammogram every year. Women ages 45 to 54  should get mammograms every year. Women 55 and older  can continue with mammograms every year or switch to having mammograms every other year (American Cancer Society, 2018). Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer. Not all types of breast cancer cause a lump in the breast. Many breast cancers are found on screening mammograms which can detect cancers at an earlier stage, before the mass can be felt, and before symptoms develop. Women who are at high risk for breast cancer based on certain factors should get and MRI and a mammogram every year, starting at age 30 (American Cancer Society, 2018). This includes women who have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of about 20% to 25% or greater, have a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation, have a first-degree relative (parent, brother, sister, or child) with a  BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation, had radiation therapy to the chest when they were between the ages of 10 and 30 years, or have Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, or have first-degree relatives with one of these syndromes. (American Cancer Society, 2018). The American Cancer Society recommends against MRI screening for women whose lifetime risk of breast cancer is less than 15%. MRI in this case would be less cost-effective and timelier for patients to get done. How does MRI detect breast cancer? There are three imaging modalities that can effectively detect breast cancer. MRI, mammography, and ultrasound are commonly used in different combinations. MRI uses magnetic fields to produce cross-sectional images of breast tissue. Hydrogen atoms in fat and water contribute to the signal that is produced (Pilewskie, 2014). Gadolinium, IV based contrast, is administered to detect lesions and cancer. Subtraction images are obtained to differentiate fat from enhancing lesions. MRI produces high quality imaging from signal to noise ratio and high spatial resolution (Pilewskie, 2014). MRI is safe for all women (unless contraindicated by pregnancy) and doesn’t use radiation. A drawback to MRI is false positives that are produced and additional testing that this creates. On the other hand, additional testing leads to a higher number of cancer detected. The more women who are being closely watched and recommended for further tests, the greater their likelihood of being diagnosed earl y. In a study in the UK involving high risk populations, 4% found MRI â€Å"extremely distressing† and 47% reported having disturbing thoughts about it six weeks after (Saslow, 2007). Due to the psychological distress of MRI, other testing needs to be considered. Imaging Limitations Unlike other imaging tests, MRI candidates need to be screened for metal before considering the test. Pacemakers, aneurysm clips, specific stents and filters, and neuro-stimulators are not allowed in the machine. Body habitus and claustrophobia are also factors to consider. A small, loud environment can cause emotional distress and anxiety for a patient, some patients will refuse MRI testing. Breast MRI testing should be completed with and without contrast. Gadolinium, MRI contrast, can only be injected in patients with a glomerular filtration rate of >60. Patients on dialysis, with impaired kidney function, diabetes, high blood pressure, or certain allergies may not be able to receive contrast, making the test inconclusive. MRI results can also be misleading. False-negatives and false-positives occur from technical limitations, patient characteristics, quality assurance failures, human error, and heightened medical concern. A false negative exam looks normal even though the patient has breast cancer. They are more likely to occur in younger patients with dense breasts. MRI is commonly used for dense tissue to differentiate benign and malignant lumps. A false positive test looks abnormal even though the patient doesn’t have cancer. False positives occur in half of women getting mammograms over a ten-year period (Gillman, 2014). MRI’s and MRI guided biopsies are usually recommended for more accurate diagnosis. A patient’s need for definitive findings may increase testing ordered. According to the American Medical Association, 7% of women are biopsied only because of MRI findings. The call back and biopsy rates of MRI are higher than mammography in high risk populations due to the increased sensitivity of MRI (Gillman, 2014). MRI is also able to obtain images for women with breast implants. 3D and 2D images are acquired in all planes, whereas mammography could miss an area of interest and compromise the breast implant.    Economic Impact   Cancer treatment can be impacted by lack of insurance, proximity to health care facilities, and availability of services. According to  Cancer Facts & Figures 2018, â€Å"Uninsured patients and those from many ethnic minority groups are substantially more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a later stage, when treatment can be more extensive, costlier, and less successful.† (American Cancer Society 2018). Without routine mammograms, breast cancer can go undiagnosed and impose much higher costs when it’s found in a later stage. Early detection can potentially eliminate radiation, chemotherapy, mastectomy, and breast reconstruction. In 2009, the average Medicare reimbursement for a bilateral mammogram was $49.76, a bilateral MRI $965.57, and mastectomy $13,590.03 (Moore, 2009). These procedures drastically differ in costs therefore insurance companies use cost effectiveness and quantity adjusted life years as means in determining which patient will benefit from costlier studies. MRI screening becomes more cost effective as the cost of MRI decreases or the cost of mammography increases. It is also more cost effective for patients with higher risk profiles such as BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes. MRI combined with mammography would produce 106 years of life per 10,000 women compared with mammography alone (Taneja, 2009). The drawback is that MRI in addition to mammography would increase lifetime health care costs for those 10,000 women by $10,600,000 (Taneja, 2009). What does insurance cover? Breast cancer is the costliest cancer to treat. In 2010, it cost $16.5 billion in the United States to treat breast cancer. A major concern when ordering breast MRI’s is that insurance will deny it or charge a high co-pay. MRI’s cost more due to radiologist, facility, contrast, and technology fees. According to a survey by the American Cancer Society, many patients are cutting prescriptions, not going to their doctor, and not getting preventive services due to the high costs. Yearly mammograms are covered by insurance companies. The average cost of a breast MRI in the United States is $1,325 with prices ranging from $375 to $2,850. Patients with health insurance are responsible for paying their deductible, copay, and coinsurance amounts. The amount of each of these costs depends on their health plan. Patients without health insurance are responsible for 100% of mammogram and MRI costs. Case Study In a study published by the New England Journal of Medicine, titled MRI evaluation of the Contralateral Breast in Women with Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer, 969 women with a diagnosis of unilateral breast cancer and no abnormalities on mammography went for a breast MRI. MRI detected clinically occult breast cancer in the contralateral breast tissue in 30 women (Lehman, 2007). Biopsies were performed on 121 of the 969 women whose MRI showed breast cancer (Lehman, 2007). Of those 121, 30 were tested positive. MRI was able to detect cancer that was missed by mammography and clinical exam. Within the 969 women, 33 tumors were diagnosed with 30 being from MRI. The three others were diagnosed from a mastectomy specimen before a biopsy could be performed. Those three samples contained ductal carcinomas in situ and measured 1, 3, and 4 mm in diameter. The most common types of invasive cancer found on MRI was ducal carcinoma (67%), invasive lobular carcinoma (22%), and tubular carcinoma (Le hman, 2007). 96.7% of cancer found was stage 0 or 1. The overall high accuracy of MRI is due to technology and interpretation of results. Contrast enhanced MRI aids in distinguishing benign from malignant patterns. This study also showed that screening MRI can improve on mammography by detecting cancer in women at high risk especially those with aggressive cancers. When ordering MRI, cost effectiveness continues to be a major concern. In the article, American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography, benefits of MRI’s sensitivity in detecting lesions is noted but without data on the recurrence and survival rates, MRI is not recommended as a screening exam. The article compares study results from six published studies, sensitivity for MRI is consistently higher than mammogram and ultrasound while specificity was lower than mammogram and ultrasound. High sensitivity means MRI correctly identifies a patient with cancer. Low specificity means MRI is not able to correctly reject a patient without cancer as accurately as other modalities. MRI has higher error but in calling back more patients and performing more biopsies, it diagnoses cancer more accurately. With this being said, the article does not recommend MRI as a screening tool unless women are at an increased risk of breast cancer, have a fami ly history, or carry the BRCA gene (Stephens, 2011). Conclusion Women who present with signs and symptoms of breast cancer or have a family history should be screened with MRI in addition to mammography. It is not acceptable to deny patients imaging studies that can prolong their life. Breast cancer is 100% treatable when caught early. Due to advances in technology and a growing healthcare system, facilities are more readily available to treat women. Patients no longer need to wait months for tests or results. Steps should be taken to reduce anxiety associated with MRI cancer screening and wait time. Patients should be informed about the likelihood of false-negative and false-positive findings. Whether or not patients need to go through additional imaging, the chance of early detection outweighs the stress of additional testing. MRI is a very useful imaging test that can save lives if performed. Patients who want to be proactive in their treatment should be encouraged to get routine imaging tests done and educate themselves on different stages of breast cancer, so they understand the process they are going through. By creating high resolution imaging, MRI proves to be the most effective study for diagnosing breast cancer. MRI is able to detect smaller masses and abnormalities than other imaging tests miss. 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